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The lemon, Citrus limon, is a species of small evergreen tree in the flowering plant family Rutaceae, native to South Asia, primarily North eastern India.
L
emonA fruiting lemon tree. A blossom is also visible.Scientific classificationKingdom:PlantaeClade:TracheophytesClade:AngiospermsClade:EudicotsClade:RosidsOrder:SapindalesFamily:RutaceaeGenus:CitrusSpecies:
C. limon
Binomial nameCitrus limon
(L.) Osbeck
Synonyms[1]
List
Citrus × aurantium subsp. bergamia (Risso & Poit.) Engl.
Citrus aurantium subsp. bergamia (Risso) Wight & Arn.
Citrus aurantium var. bergamia (Risso) Brandis
Citrus × aurantium var. mellarosa (Risso) Engl.
Citrus × bergamia Risso & Poit.
Citrus × bergamia subsp. mellarosa (Risso) D.Rivera & al.
Citrus × bergamota Raf.
Citrus × limodulcis D.Rivera, Obón & F.Méndez
Citrus × limonelloides Hayata
Citrus × limonia Osbeck
Citrus × limonia var. digitata Risso
Citrus × limonum Risso
Citrus medica var. limon L.
Citrus medica f. limon (L.) M.Hiroe
Citrus medica f. limon (L.) Hiroë
Citrus medica subsp. limonia (Risso) Hook. f.
Citrus × medica var. limonum (Risso) Brandis
Citrus × medica subsp. limonum (Risso) Engl.
Citrus medica var. limonum (Risso) Brandis
Citrus × mellarosa Risso
Citrus × meyeri Yu.Tanaka
Citrus × vulgaris Ferrarius ex Mill.
Limon× vulgaris Ferrarius ex Miller
The tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit is used for culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world, primarily for its juice, which has both culinary and cleaning uses.[2] The pulp and rind are also used in cooking and baking. The juice of the lemon is about 5% to 6% citric acid, with a pH of around 2.2, giving it a sour taste. The distinctive sour taste of lemon juice makes it a key ingredient in drinks and foods such as lemonade and lemon meringue pie.
History
See also: Citron § Origin and distribution
Lemon external surface and cross-section
The origin of the lemon is unknown, though lemons are thought to have first grown in Assam (a region in northeast India), northern Burma or China.[2] A genomic study of the lemon indicated it was a hybrid between bitter orange (sour orange) and citron.[3][4]
Lemons entered Europe near southern Italy no later than the second century AD, during the time of Ancient Rome.[2] However, they were not widely cultivated. They were later introduced to Persia and then to Iraq and Egypt around 700 AD.[2] The lemon was first recorded in literature in a 10th-century Arabic treatise on farming, and was also used as an ornamental plant in early Islamic gardens.[2] It was distributed widely throughout the Arab world and the Mediterranean region between 1000 and 1150.[2] An article on Lemon and lime tree cultivation in Andalusia of Spain is brought down in Ibn al-'Awwam's 12th-century agricultural work, Book on Agriculture.[5]
The first substantial cultivation of lemons in Europe began in Genoa in the middle of the 15th century. The lemon was later introduced to the Americas in 1493 when Christopher Columbus brought lemon seeds to Hispaniola on his voyages. Spanish conquest throughout the New World helped spread lemon seeds. It was mainly used as an ornamental plant and for medicine.[2] In the 19th century, lemons were increasingly planted in Florida and California.[2]
In 1747, James Lind's experiments on seamen suffering from scurvy involved adding lemon juice to their diets, though vitamin C was not yet known as an important dietary ingredient.[2][6]
The origin of the word lemon may be Middle Eastern.[2] The word draws from the Old French limon, then Italian limone, from the Arabic laymūn or līmūn, and from the Persian līmūn, a generic term for citrus fruit, which is a cognate of Sanskrit (nimbū, “lime”).[7]
Varieties
Detailed taxonomic illustration by Franz Eugen Köhler.
The 'Bonnie Brae' is oblong, smooth, thin-skinned and seedless.[8] These are mostly grown in San Diego County, USA.[9]
The 'Eureka' grows year-round and abundantly. This is the common supermarket lemon,[10] also known as 'Four Seasons' (Quatre Saisons) because of its ability to produce fruit and flowers together throughout the year. This variety is also available as a plant to domestic customers.[11] There is also a pink-fleshed Eureka lemon, with a green and yellow variegated outer skin.[12]
The Lisbon lemon is very similar to the Eureka and is the other common supermarket lemon. It is smoother than the Eureka, has thinner skin, and has fewer or no seeds. It generally produces more juice than the Eureka.[13][14]
The 'Femminello St. Teresa', or 'Sorrento'[15] is native to Italy. This fruit's zest is high in lemon oils. It is the variety traditionally used in the making of limoncello.
The 'Yen Ben' is an Australasian cultivar.[16]
Lemon, raw, without peelNutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)Energy121 kJ (29 kcal)
Carbohydrates
9.32 g
Sugars2.5 gDietary fiber2.8 g
Fat
0.3 g
Protein
1.1 g
VitaminsQuantity%DV†Thiamine (B1)
3%
0.04 mgRiboflavin (B2)
2%
0.02 mgNiacin (B3)
1%
0.1 mgPantothenic acid (B5)
4%
0.19 mgVitamin B6
6%
0.08 mgFolate (B9)
3%
11 μgCholine
1%
5.1 mgVitamin C
64%
53 mgMineralsQuantity%DV†Calcium
3%
26 mgIron
5%
0.6 mgMagnesium
2%
8 mgManganese
1%
0.03 mgPhosphorus
2%
16 mgPotassium
3%
138 mgZinc
1%
0.06 mg
Link to USDA Database entry
Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA FoodData Central
Nutrition and phytochemicals
Lemon is a rich source of vitamin C, providing 64% of the Daily Value in a 100 g reference amount (table). Other essential nutrients are low in content.
Lemons contain numerous phytochemicals, including polyphenols, terpenes, and tannins.[17] Lemon juice contains slightly more citric acid than lime juice (about 47 g/l), nearly twice the citric acid of grapefruit juice, and about five times the amount of citric acid found in orange juice.[18]
Culinary uses
Lemon juice, rind, and peel are used in a wide variety of foods and drinks. The whole lemon is used to make marmalade, lemon curd and lemon liqueur. Lemon slices and lemon rind are used as a garnish for food and drinks. Lemon zest, the grated outer rind of the fruit, is used to add flavor to baked goods, puddings, rice, and other dishes.
Juice
Lemon juice is used to make lemonade, soft drinks, and cocktails. It is used in marinades for fish, where its acid neutralizes amines in fish by converting them into nonvolatile ammonium salts. In meat, the acid partially hydrolyzes tough collagen fibers, tenderizing it.[19] In the United Kingdom, lemon juice is frequently added to pancakes, especially on Shrove Tuesday.
Lemon juice is also used as a short-term preservative on certain foods that tend to oxidize and turn brown after being sliced (enzymatic browning), such as apples, bananas, and avocados, where its acid denatures the enzymes.
Peel
In Morocco, lemons are preserved in jars or barrels of salt. The salt penetrates the peel and rind, softening them, and curing them so that they last almost indefinitely.[20] The preserved lemon is used in a wide variety of dishes. Preserved lemons can also be found in Sicilian, Italian, Greek, and French dishes.
The peel can be used in the manufacture of pectin, a polysaccharide used as a gelling agent and stabilizer in food and other products.[21]
Oil
Lemon oil is extracted from oil-containing cells in the skin. A machine breaks up the cells, and uses a water spray to flush off the oil. The oil/water mixture is then filtered and separated by
by centrifugation.[22]
Leaves
The leaves of the lemon tree are used to make a tea and for preparing cooked meats and seafoods.
Other uses
Industrial
Lemons were the primary commercial source of citric acid before the development of fermentation-based processes.[23]
Aroma
Lemon oil may be used in aromatherapy. Lemon oil aroma does not influence the human immune system,[24] but may contribute to relaxation.[25]
Other
One educational science experiment involves attaching electrodes to a lemon and using it as a battery to produce electricity. Although very low power, several lemon batteries can power a small digital watch.[26] These experiments also work with other fruits and vegetables.
Lemon juice may be used as a simple invisible ink, developed by heat.[27]
Lemon juice can be used to increase the blonde colour of hair, acting as a natural highlight after the moistened hair is exposed to sunlight. This is due to the citric acid that acts as bleach.[28][29]
Horticulture
Lemons need a minimum temperature of around 7 °C (45 °F), so they are not hardy year-round in temperate climates, but become hardier as they mature.[30] Citrus require minimal pruning by trimming overcrowded branches, with the tallest branch cut back to encourage bushy growth.[30] Throughout summer, pinching back tips of the most vigorous growth assures more abundant canopy development. As mature plants may produce unwanted, fast-growing shoots (called "water shoots"), these are removed from the main branches at the bottom or middle of the plant.[30]
The tradition of urinating near a lemon tree[31][32][33] may result from color-based sympathetic magic.
In cultivation in the UK, the cultivars "Meyer"[34] and "Variegata"[35] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017).[36]
ProductionLemon (and lime) production, 2018
(in millions of tonnes)
Country2018 India3.1
Mexico2.5
China2.5
Argentina2.0
Brazil1.5
Turkey1.1World19.4
In 2018, world production of lemons (combined with limes for reporting) was 19.4 million tonnes.[37] The top producers – India, Mexico, China, Argentina, Brazil, and Turkey – collectively accounted for 65% of global production (table).[37]
Similar fruit
This section needs additional citations for verification.
Many plants taste or smell similar to lemons.
Limes, another common sour citrus fruit, used similarly to lemons
Kaffir lime leaves: common in east Asian cuisine
Certain cultivars of basil
Sumac fruits, were used long before lemons were known to Europeans
Cymbopogon (lemongrass)
Lemon balm, a mint-like herbaceous perennial in the family Lamiaceae
Two varieties of scented geranium: Pelargonium crispum (lemon geranium) and Pelargonium x melissinum (lemon balm)
Lemon thyme[38]
Lemon verbena
Certain cultivars of mint
Magnolia grandiflora tree flowers
Other citrus called 'lemons'
Flat lemon, a mandarin hybrid
Meyer lemon, a cross between a citron and a mandarin/pomelo hybrid distinct from sour or sweet orange,[39] named after Frank N. Meyer, who first introduced it to the United States in 1908. Thin-skinned and slightly less acidic than the Lisbon and Eureka lemons, Meyer lemons require more care when shipping and are not widely grown on a commercial basis. Meyer lemons often mature to a yellow-orange color. They are slightly more frost-tolerant.
Ponderosa lemon, more cold-sensitive than true lemons, the fruit are thick-skinned and very large. Genetic analysis showed it to be a complex hybrid of citron and pomelo.[39]
Rough lemon, a citron-mandarin cross, cold-hardy and often used as a citrus rootstock[39]
Sweet lemons or sweet limes, a mixed group including the lumia (pear lemon), limetta, and Palestinian sweet lime. Among them is the Jaffa lemon, a pomelo-citron hybrid.[39]
Volkamer lemon, like the rough lemon, a citron-mandarin cross[39]
Gallery
See also
List of lemon dishes and beverages
References
^ "The Plant List:Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck". Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and Missouri Botanic Garden. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Julia F. Morton (1987). "Lemon in Fruits of Warm Climates". Purdue University. pp. 160–168.
^ Gulsen, O.; M. L. Roose (2001). "Lemons: Diversity and Relationships with Selected Citrus Genotypes as Measured with Nuclear Genome Markers". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 126(3): 309–317. doi:10.21273/JASHS.126.3.309.
^ Genetic origin of cultivated citrus determined: Researchers find evidence of origins of orange, lime, lemon, grapefruit, other citrus species", Science Daily, January 26, 2011 (Retrieved February 10, 2017).
^ Ibn al-'Awwam, Yaḥyá (1864). Le livre de l'agriculture d'Ibn-al-Awam (kitab-al-felahah) (in French). Translated by J.-J. Clement-Mullet. Paris: A. Franck. pp. 300–301 (ch. 7 - Article 32). OCLC 780050566.(pp. 300–301 (Article XXXII)
^ James Lind (1757). A treatise on the scurvy. Second edition. London: A. Millar.
^ Douglas Harper. "Online Etymology Dictionary".
^ Spalding, William A. (1885). The orange: its culture in California. Riverside, Califo
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