Early psychoanalytic theories of human behaviour were set forth most notably by Austrian neurologist . Freud's ideas were influenced by 's theory of and by the physical concept of energy as applied to the . Freud's most basic was that each child is born with a source of basic psychological energy called . Further, each child's libido becomes successively focused on various parts of the body (in addition to people and objects) in the course of his or her emotional . During the first postnatal year, libido is initially focused on the mouth and its activities; nursing enables the infant to derive gratification through a pleasurable reduction of tension in the oral region. Freud called this the of development. During the second year, the source of excitation is said to shift to the anal area, and the start of toilet training leads the child to libido in the anal functions. Freud called this period of development the . During the period from three through six years, the child's attention is attracted to sensations from the genitals, and Freud called this stage the . The half dozen years before are called the . During the final and so-called of development, mature gratification is sought in a heterosexual love relationship with another. Freud believed that adult emotional problems result from either deprivation or excessive gratification during the oral, anal, or phallic stages. A child with libido fixated at one of these stages would in adulthood show specific neurotic symptoms, such as ANXIETY.
Swiss psychologist took the functioning of adults as the central phenomenon to be explained and wanted to know how an adult acquired the ability to think logically and to draw valid conclusions about the world from evidence. Piaget's theory rests on the fundamental notion that the child develops through stages until arriving at a stage of that resembles that of an adult. The four stages given by Piaget are: (1) the from birth to 2 years, (2) the from 2 to 7 years, (3) the from 7 to 12 years, and (4) the stage of operations that characterizes the adolescent and the adult. One of Piaget's fundamental assumptions is that early intellectual growth arises primarily out of the child's interactions with objects in the . For example, Piaget believed that a two-year-old child who repeatedly builds and knocks down a tower of blocks is learning that the arrangement of objects in the world can be reversed. According to Piaget, children organize and adapt their experiences with objects into increasingly sophisticated models that enable them to deal with future situations in more effective ways. The older child, for instance, who has learned the concept of reversibility, will be able to execute an intelligent and logical search for a missing object, retracing steps, for example, in order to determine where he or she may have dropped a set of keys. As children pass through successive stages of cognitive development, their knowledge of the world assumes different forms, with each stage building on the models and concepts acquired in the preceding stage. Adolescents in the final developmental stage, that of formal operations, are able to think in a rational and systematic manner about problems that are not necessarily in accord with their experience.
The APA defines as "the process by which certain kinds of experience make particular actions more or less likely". Naturally, conditioning human beings to behave in certain ways can prompt ethical or moral debates, especially when someone is conditioned to act in a manner that fails to suit their best interests. Still, others maintain that human beings are all inherently programmed to behave in one way or another. Let's explore the two types of conditioning in more detail:
Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning occurs when someone comes to . This manner of conditioning often encourages people to behave in ways that will bring them joy and pleasure. For instance, if someone finds that they tend to do well when they follow their instincts as opposed to following the rules, they are likelier to be a nonconformist and take risks. Classical conditioning does not always have to occur from the actions or manipulations of a specific individual. Sometimes, it naturally happens from the environment to which someone is routinely exposed.
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning controls human behavior via positive and negative reinforcement. For example, a person who finds themselves constantly in trouble with the law when they break certain rules typically learns to associate rule-breaking with legal issues. Likewise, someone who regularly studies for exams and aces them starts to associate studying with positive grades. When it comes to human behavior, people tend to steer clear of what causes them pain and gravitate toward pleasure and personal satisfaction.
Cognition
Another theory in the realm of human behavior is known as cognition. This prevalent theory maintains that human behavior is determined by an individual's thoughts, inner judgments, personal motivations, etc. This theory places an emphasis on people's hidden states and argues that what a person is feeling, thinking, or battling will eventually impact the behavior that the world sees. Cognitive theories that pertain to human behavior are heavily supported by mental health studies, psychological studies, and more. Much of what exists within the tangible, external world today originally existed within an individual's mind.
Types of human behavior
Many theories of human behavior are widely used and accepted in today's world. Understanding these theories can make a difference, but so can learning more about the types of human behavior and the factors which drive them. As a unique species, human beings will collectively and individually fall into different or even multiple categories. Certain people may be more inclined in one direction, whereas others might be driven by something else entirely. The following offer explanations for .
Personality-based
How people behave can largely be impacted by their Some individuals may be patient and easygoing, while others are impatient and hot-headed. In many cases, it can be difficult to gauge someone's personality right off the bat. Usually, it takes some time to get to know them, interact with them, and gain an understanding of what type of person they are. Some personalities are friendlier than others, and there are a series of factors that can shape or alter someone's personality, such as culture, environment, and peers.
Interest-based
A person's level of interest in other people or subjects can significantly influence their behavior. Interest can determine whether someone behaves in a way that is consistent with who they are and may also predict whether they will take risks or pursue a goal. Often, when someone is interested in a person or subject, they are more likely to devote attention to it than if they were not interested. Gauging a person's interest in something can be an effective way of predicting or theorizing forthcoming human behavior.
Attitude-based
Like personality and interest, individual attitudes can also deeply affect human behavior. Attitudes can be considered negative or positive, stemming from one's development or outside influences. Nevertheless, a person's attitude can still determine the choices they make, the way they interact with others, and their general day-to-day behavior. A positive attitude can make someone more open and receptive to certain people or situations while a negative attitude tends to cause individuals to avoid or shut out anything they view unfavorably.
Emotion-based
are often deeply relevant when it pertains to human behavior. Many actions and decisions in life are emotionally charged, even when the emotional background may not be apparent on the surface. A positive emotional state can cause someone to be open-minded, a risk-taker, and more likely to engage in certain behaviors. Likewise, a negative emotional state can lead to isolation, or a person's decision to withdraw from others. Many manners of human behavior can be traced back to emotions of some sort, even if additional factors are involved.
Now, let us jump into the problems we actually face and try to deal with them in a rational way!
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Ikke-fiksjonYou must have wondered why your teacher shouted on you when you asked the same doubt twice, even after her saying she would repeat a thousand times till you understood or you must have wondered why you lost that spark with your old best friend or mi...
