Syntax Error

Word order, Inversion, and Emphasis

Word order

Because English is not highly inflected, the order of words is often an important indication of the different parts of speech.

We ate octopi, which has a different meaning from Octopi ate us.

In the first example, we is the subject and octopi is the object. Subject and object are reversed with word order in the second example.

Inversion

We use inversion in several different situations in English. Inversion just means putting the verb before the subject. We usually do it in question forms:

Normal sentence: You are tired. (The subject is 'you'. It's before the verb 'are'.)

Question form: Are you tired? (The verb 'are' is before the subject 'you'. They have changed places. This is called inversion.)

In most English verb tenses, when we want to use inversion, we just move the verb to before the subject. If there's more than one verb, because a verb tense has auxiliary verbs, for example, we move the first verb.

With two verb tenses where we just change the places of the verb and subject:

· Present simple with 'be': am I / are you / is he

· Past simple with 'be': were you / was she

With other verbs tenses, we change the place of the subject and the auxiliary verb (the first auxiliary verb if there is more than one). We don't move the other parts of the verb:

· Present continuous: am I going/are you going

· Past continuous: was he going/were they going

· Present perfect: have we gone/has she gone

· Present perfect continuous: has she been going/have they been going

· Past perfect: had you gone

· Past perfect continuous: had he been going

· Future simple: will they go

· Future continuous: will you be going

· Future perfect: will they have gone

· Future perfect continuous: will she have been going

· Modal verbs: should I go / would you go

There are two tenses where we need to add 'do/does/did' to make the question form. We also need to change the main verb back to the infinitive. This is usually still called inversion.

· Present simple with any verb except 'be' (add 'do' or 'does'): do you go/does he go

· Past simple with any verb except 'be' (add 'did'): did we go/did they go

When do we use inversion?

1. When we use a negative adverb or adverb phrase at the beginning of the sentence.

Usually, we put the expression at the beginning of the sentence to emphasize what we're saying. It makes our sentence sound surprising or striking or unusual. It also sounds quite formal. If you don't want to give this impression, you can put the negative expression later in the sentence in the normal way:

Seldom have I seen such beautiful work.

('Seldom' is at the beginning, so we use inversion. This sentence emphasizes what beautiful work it is.)

I have seldom seen such beautiful work.

('Seldom' is in the normal place, so we don't use inversion. This is a normal sentence with no special emphasis.)

2. We can use inversion instead of 'if' in conditionals with 'had' 'were' and 'should'. This is quite formal:

Normal conditional: If I had been there, this problem wouldn't have happened.

Conditional with inversion: Had I been there, this problem wouldn't have happened.

Normal conditional: If we had arrived sooner, we could have prevented this tragedy!

Conditional with inversion: Had we arrived sooner, we could have prevented this tragedy!

3. We can use inversion if we put an adverbial expression of place at the beginning of the sentence. This is also quite formal or literary:

On the table was all the money we had lost.

(Normal sentence: All the money we had lost was on the table.)

Round the corner came the knights.

(Normal sentence: The knights came round the corner.)

4. We can use inversion after 'so + adjective...that':

So beautiful was the girl that nobody could talk of anything else.

(Normal sentence: the girl was so beautiful that nobody could talk of anything else.)

So delicious was the food that we ate every last bite.

(Normal sentence: the food was so delicious that we ate every last bite.)

Emphasis

Ideas may be emphasized in a variety of ways, including by underlining and italicizing words, adding an exclamation mark (!) to the end of a sentence, by means of dashes (-) to set off important phrases, and by using words and phrases like above all, indeed, and in fact.

In addition, emphasis can be indicated by subordinating related ideas to those that are more important with subordinating conjunctions such as after, although, because, since, and until.