Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany For High Schools and Elementary College Courses

Although much can be done in the study, even of the lowest plants, without microscopic aid other than a hand lens, for a thorough understanding of the structure of any plant a good compound microscope is indispensable, and wherever it is possible the student should be provided with such an instrument, to use this book to the best advantage. As, however, many are not able to have the use of a microscope, the gross anatomy of all the forms described has been carefully treated for the especial benefit of such students. Such portions of the text, as well as the general discussions, are printed in ordinary type, while the minute anatomy, and all points requiring microscopic aid, are discussed in separate paragraphs printed in smaller type.

The drawings, with very few exceptions, which are duly credited, were drawn from nature by the author, and nearly all expressly for this work.

A list of the most useful books of reference is appended, all of which have been more or less consulted in the preparation of the following pages.

The classification adopted is, with slight changes, that given in Goebel's "Outlines of Morphology and Classification"; while, perhaps, not in all respects entirely satisfactory, it seems to represent more nearly than any other our present knowledge of the subject. Certain groups, like the Diatoms and _Characeæ_, are puzzles to the botanist, and at present it is impossible to give them more than a provisional place in the system.

If this volume serves to give the student some comprehension of the real aims of botanical science, and its claims to be something more than the "Analysis" of flowers, it will have fulfilled its mission.

DOUGLAS H. CAMPBELL.

BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA, October, 1889.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE CHAPTER I.--INTRODUCTION 1

Composition of Matter; Biology; Botany; Zoölogy; Departments of Botany; Implements and Reagents; Collecting Specimens.

CHAPTER II.--THE CELL 6

Parts of the Cell; Formation of New Cells; Tissues.

CHAPTER III.--CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS 9

Protophytes; Slime-moulds; Schizophytes; Blue-green Slimes, _Oscillaria_; Schizomycetes, _Bacteria_; Green Monads, _Euglena_, _Volvox_.

CHAPTER IV.--ALGÆ 21

Classification of Algæ; Green Algæ; _Protococcaceæ_, _Protococcus_; _Confervaceæ_, _Cladophora_, _OEdogonium_, _Coleochæte_.

CHAPTER V.--GREEN ALGÆ (_Continued_) 30

Pond-scums, _Spirogyra_; _Siphoneæ_, _Vaucheria_; _Characeæ_, _Chara_.

CHAPTER VI.--BROWN SEAWEEDS 41

_Diatomaceæ_; True Brown Algæ, _Fucus_; Classification of Brown Algæ.

CHAPTER VII.--RED ALGÆ 49

Structure of Red Algæ; _Callithamnion_; Fresh-Water Forms.

CHAPTER VIII.--FUNGI 54

_Phycomycetes_, _Mycomycetes_; _Phycomycetes_, Black Moulds, _Mucor_; White Rusts and Mildews, _Cystopus_; Water Moulds.

CHAPTER IX.--TRUE FUNGI 63

Yeast; Smuts; _Ascomycetes_; Dandelion Mildew; Cup Fungi, _Ascobolus_; Lichens; Black Fungi.

CHAPTER X.--TRUE FUNGI (_Continued_) 77

_Basidiomycetes_; Rusts; _Coprinus_; Classification.

CHAPTER XI.--BRYOPHYTES 86