JLPT Grammar

　

BEKU （～べく） Grade 1

Meaning: For the purpose of; To ____, In order to

Notes: 'Beku' is the same as '~ngatame' but they differ grammatically. 'Beku' comes after the dictionary form of a verb, whereas '~ngatame' follows the '~tai' form of a verb. Written.

Example: エンジニアになるべく一生懸命勉強した。（エンジニアになるべく、いっしょうけんめいべんきょうした。）I studied hard in order to become an engineer.

D

DAKE, DAKE NO （～だけ、～だけの）Grade 2

Meaning: As much as; As fast as; To the extent of.

Notes: Has no negative form. Dake no is always used before a noun.

Example: お好きなだけどうぞ。（おすきなだけどうぞ。）

Have as much as you want.

できるだけのことはした。I did as much as I could.

DAKE ATTE (～だけあって)

Meaning: As might be expected.

Notes: Often used after sasuga.

Example: 両親がプロ選手だけあって、さすが子供もスポーツ万能だ。（りょうしんがプロせんしゅうたけあって、さすがこどももスポーツばんのうだ。）As might be expected from a child whose parents are professional athletes, he's an all-around athlete.

CF:

DANI （～だに）Grade 1

Meaning: Even; Just. Used for emphasizing the unlikelihood of something happening.

Notes: Often used after 想像 (そうぞう) or 聞く (きく).

Example: 想像だにしなかった。（そうぞうだにしなかった）I never even imagined it.

聞くだにに恐ろしい。（きくだにおそろしい。）Just hearing about it is dreadful.

　

DARAKE (～だらけ) Grade 2

Meaning: Covered in; Full of. Used for things that can be sensed or seen, always has a negative nuance.

Notes: 'Darake' is easily confused with 'mamire'. They are similar, but 'mamire' means totally covered and can't be used for intangible things. You can say both 'chidarake' and 'chimamire' (covered in blood), 'hokoridarake' and 'hokorimamire' or 'dorodarake' and 'doromamire' (covered in mud). You can say 'machigaidarake' (full of mistakes), 'shiwadarake' (covered in wrinkles) and 'kizudarake' (covered with cuts) but not 'machigaimamire', 'shiwamamire' and 'kizumamire'. Both 'mamire' and 'darake' have negative meanings, while 'zukume' has a positive meaning.

Example: 泥だらけ。　(どろだらけ。)　

Covered in mud.

間違えだらけ (まちがえだらけ。)

Full of mistakes.

CF: ~gimi, ~gachi, ~ppoi, ~mamire, ~zukume, ~meku, ~rashii, kirai ga aru

DE ARE (1)（～であれ）Grade 1

Meaning: No matter what; Even if; No matter how...

Notes: Same meaning as 'Tatoe~temo'. Written. Formal.