1. Masculine - actor, bachelor, brother, conductor, daddy
2. Feminine - actress, spinster, sister, conductress, mummy
Common gender nouns are used for both males and females. - - - baby,cousin, dancer,parent, passenger
Animals there is one general word for the animal. However, many species of animals, particularly those domesticated, have been given specific names for the male and the female. - tiger(M), tigress(F), lion(M), lioness(F)
Inflection is the name for the extra letter or letters added to nouns, verbs and adjectives in their different grammatical forms. Nouns are inflected in the plural, verbs are inflected in the various tenses, and adjectives are inflected in the comparative/superlative.
* Words ending with a sibilant: -s/-ss/-sh/-ch/x.
* Add -es in the plural noun or 3rd person singular verb. e.g. bus → buses (n) / busses (v), miss → misses, wish → wishes, watch → watches, fox → foxes, potato → potatoes
* Words ending with the letter -o. do → does
* Words ending consonant - y.
* Change the -y to ie before the ending -s. e.g. party → parties, study → studies, cry → cries
* Words ending consonant - y.
* Change the -y to i before the endings -ed/-er/-est/-ly. e.g. try → tried, happy → happier, easy → easiest
* Words ending consonant - y.
* Do NOT change the -y before the ending -ing. e.g. carry → carrying, try → trying
* Words ending vowel - y.
* Do NOT change the -y. e.g. buy → buys, play → played
* Words ending with the letters -ie.
* Change the -ie to a - y before the ending -ing. e.g. die → dying, lie → lying
* Verbs ending consonant -e.
* Omit the -e before the ending -ing. e.g. ride → riding, love → loving, write → writing, provide → providing
* One-syllable words ending consonant-vowel-consonant.
* Double the last consonant before the endings -ing/-ed/-er/-est. e.g. hit → hitting, stop → stopped, wet → wetter, fat → fattest, begin → beginning
* Two or more syllable words ending consonant-vowel-consonant that are stressed on the last syllable. e.g. prefer → preferred
* Two or more syllable words ending consonant-vowel-consonant that are stressed on the first syllable.
* Do NOT double the last consonant before the endings -ing/-ed/-er/-est. e.g. happen → happening, visit → visited
Cases of Nouns
1. Nominative Case - A noun or a pronoun, when it is used as the subject of the verb it is said to be in the Nominative Case.
e.g. He bought a book.
In the given example 'He' is the subject. It is the answer to the question who bought the book? "Bought the book?" is the Predicate and it contains the Verb 'Bought'. So the noun 'He' is said to be in the Nominative Case.
NOTE: To find the Nominative Case ask the question WHO or WHAT to the verb.
2. Objective or Accusative Case - A noun or a pronoun, when it is used as the object of a verb it is said to be in the OBJECTIVE CASE.
e.g. John killed a dog.
In the given example 'A dog' is the answer to the question 'What did John kill'? Therefore the noun 'dog' is called the OBJECT and it is said in the Objective Case.
Note : To find the Objective or Accusative Case put WHOM or WHAT before the verb and its object.
3. Possessive or Genitive Case - A noun or a pronoun, when it is used to show ownership or possession, authority, origin, kind etc., It is said to be in the Possessive or Genitive Case.
e.g. This is John's bike.
When the noun is Singular, the Possessive Case is formed by adding 'S' (apostrophe S) to the noun and when it is 'S' ending Plural by adding an apostrophe after the 'S' (S')
4. Vocative Case or Nominative Case - When the noun is the name of a person SPOKEN TO or ADDRESSED, it is said to be in the Vocative case or we call its case, the Nominative of address
e.g. Sit down, Peter
Note : Here Peter is addressed.
5. Dative Case - When a noun indicates the indirect object of the verb - generally, 'GIVE' it is said to be in the Dative Case.
e.g. David gave Mirza a pen.
In the above sentence David was the person to whom Mirza gave a pen. The Indirect object of a verb denotes the person to whom something is given or for whom something is done.
Parts of Speech: NOUN
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