1. Answer: B. Vasodilatation
Sympathetic activation to the heart results in coronary vasodilation and increased coronary flow due to increased metabolic activity (increased heart rate, contractility) despite direct vasoconstrictor effects of sympathetic activation on the coronaries. This is termed “functional sympatholysis.”
2. Answer: D. Blood pressure will increase
Blood pressure elevation secondary to hypoglycemia has been demonstrated in human experimentation through the activation of the sympathoadrenal system.
3. Answer: A. Increase heat, thereby produce abatement of phagocytosis
The inflammatory response is a defense mechanism that evolved in higher organisms to protect them from infection and injury. Its purpose is to localize and eliminate the injurious agent and to remove damaged tissue components so that the body can begin to heal. The response consists of changes in blood flow, an increase in permeability of blood vessels, and the migration of fluid, proteins, and white blood cells (leukocytes) from the circulation to the site of tissue damage. An inflammatory response that lasts only a few days is called acute inflammation, while a response of longer duration is referred to as chronic inflammation.
4. Answer: C. Immediate Vasoconstriction
Inflammation can be divided into several phases. The earliest, gross event of an inflammatory response is temporary vasoconstriction, i.e. narrowing of blood vessels caused by contraction of smooth muscle in the vessel walls, which can be seen as blanching (whitening) of the skin.
5. Answer: C. The affected part will lose its normal function
A fifth consequence of inflammation is the loss of function of the inflamed area, a feature noted by German pathologist Rudolf Virchow in the 19th century. Loss of function may result from pain that inhibits mobility or from severe swelling that prevents movement in the area.
6. Answer: C. Purulent
Purulent effluent refers to a thick yellow, gray or green drainage that comes out of a wound when infection invades the area. The fluid contains pathogenic microorganisms along with white cells, inflammatory cells and dead or dying bacteria. When the wound is infected, the volume of the purulent exudate increases.
7. Answer: A. Redness on the affected area
Vasodilation occurs first at the arteriole level, progressing to the capillary level, and brings about a net increase in the amount of blood present, causing the redness and heat of inflammation.
8. Answer: D. Monocytes
Monocytes and their macrophage and dendritic-cell progeny serve three main functions in the immune system. These are phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytokine production. Phagocytosis is the process of uptake of microbes and particles followed by digestion and destruction of this material. Monocytes can perform phagocytosis using intermediary (opsonising) proteins such as antibodies or complement that coat the pathogen, as well as by binding to the microbe directly via pattern-recognition receptors that recognize pathogens.
9. Answer: C. Eosinophil
It is known that eosinophils appear as an aftermath of anaphylaxis in sensitized tissues that are reexposed to specific antigens.
10. Answer: A. Neutrophils
Activated neutrophils are capable of presenting antigens via MHCII, thereby stimulating T-cell activation and proliferation.
