BIOMED
Pathophysiology
Everything be alphabetical here (except for Homeostasis at the bottom) 😘
(& Mental Health, Lmao)
There are a lot of neonatal conditions covered, seen in high level NICU/NCCU Units.
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Table of Contents:
1 | Ageing
2 | Canc...
Tracheoesophageal fistulas (TOF) and oesophageal atresia (OA) are 2 kinds of gastrointestinal anomalies relating to an incorrect separation of the oesophagus and trachea that often occur together as normal tracheal and oesophageal structures develop together and eventually seperate.
TOF occurs when there is an abnormal connection between the oesophagus and the trachea. These include in the image below, type b, c, d, and e:
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OA is depicted in type a, b, c, and d in the anbove image, and related to the oesophagus having two segments. I.e., there is no connection from mouth to stomach, and ends in a blind pouch as you can see above.
TOF and OA occur inutero where there is a failure of the wall between the two seperate tubes to develop (between the trachea and oesophagus). These babies have been associated with other birth defects including:
☞ Trisomy 13, 18, and 21
☞ Other digestive tract problems including diaphragmatic hernias, duodenal atresia, or an imperforate anus (see anorectal chapters for more info)
☞ Cardiac issues including septal defects, tetralogy of Fallot, and PDA (see cardiac chapters for more info)
☞ Kidney and urinary tract issues including horseshoe or polycystic kidney, absent kidney, or hypospadias
☞ Muscular or skeletal issues
☞ VACTERL association (involving vertebral, anal, cardiac, TOF, renal, and limb abnormalities) (see "imperforate anus" chapter for more information on VACTERL association about half way through the chapter)
Signs & Symptoms These are seen soon after birth, and can include:
☞ Salivary bubbles in mouth ☞ coughing/choking when feeding ☞ Vomiting ☞ Cyanosis, especially during feeding ☞ Dyspnoea ☞ Round, full stomach (TOF) ☞ Unusually flat stomach (OA) ☞ Lung infections & aspirations
