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Einstein_FM.qxd 3/10/05 2:53 PM Page i
Einstein_FM.qxd 3/10/05 2:53 PM Page ii Einstein_FM.qxd 3/10/05 2:53 PM Page iii RELATIVITY The Special and General Theory Albert Einstein Translated by Robert W. Lawson Introduction by Roger Penrose Commentary by Robert Geroch with a Historical Essay by David C. Cassidy The Masterpiece Science Edition Pi Press New York Einstein_FM.qxd 3/10/05 2:53 PM Page iv PI PRESS An imprint of Pearson Education, Inc. 1185 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10036 Commentary and Historical Essay � 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction � by Roger Penrose 2004, 2005 Original version of Roger Penrose�s Introduction first published by The Folio Society Ltd in 2004. Reprinted by arrangement with The Folio Society Ltd. Pi Press offers discounts for bulk purchases. For more information, please contact U.S. Corporate and Government Sales, 1-800-382-3419, corp- sales@pearsontechgroup.com. For sales outside the U.S., please contact International Sales at international@pearsoned.com. Company and product names mentioned herein are the trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. Printed in the United States of America First Printing: April 2005 Library of Congress Number: 2004117390 Pi Press books are listed at www.pipress.net. ISBN: 0-13-186261-8 Pearson Education LTD. Pearson Education Australia PTY, Limited. Pearson Education Singapore, Pte. Ltd. Pearson Education North Asia, Ltd. Pearson Education Canada, Ltd. Pearson Educati�n de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. Pearson Education�Japan Pearson Education Malaysia, Pte. Ltd. Einstein_FM.qxd 3/10/05 2:53 PM Page v CONTENTS Introduction by Roger Penrose ix Note on the Text xxvii Relativity: The Special and General Theory 1 Preface 3 PART I THE SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY 1. Physical Meaning of Geometrical Propositions 5 2. The System of Co-ordinates 9 3. Space and Time in Classical Mechanics 13 4. The Galileian System of Co-ordinates 16 5. The Principle of Relativity (In the Restricted Sense) 18 6. The Theorem of the Addition of Velocities Employed in Classical Mechanics 23 7. The Apparent Incompatibility of the Law of Propagation of Light with the Principle of Relativity 25 8. On the Idea of Time in Physics 29 9. The Relativity of Simultaneity 34 10. On the Relativity of the Conception of Distance 38 Einstein_FM.qxd 3/10/05 2:53 PM Page vi vi RELATIVITY 11. The Lorentz Transformation 40 12. The Behaviour of Measuring-Rods and Clocks in Motion 47 13. Theorem of the Addition of Velocities. The Experiment of Fizeau 51 14. The Heuristic Value of the Theory of Relativity 56 15. General Results of the Theory 58 16. Experience and the Special Theory of Relativity 65 17. Minkowski�s Four-Dimensional Space 72 PA RT II THE GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY 18. Special and General Principle of Relativity 77 19. The Gravitational Field 82 20. The Equality of Inertial and Gravitational Mass as an Argument for the General Postulate of Relativity 86 21. In What Respects Are the Foundations of Classical Mechanics and of the Special Theory of Relativity Unsatisfactory? 92 22. A Few Inferences from the General Principle of Relativity 95 23. Behaviour of Clocks and Measuring-Rods on a Rotating Body of Reference 101 24. Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Continuum 106 25. Gaussian Co-ordinates 111 Einstein_FM.qxd 3/10/05 2:53 PM Page vii Contents vii 26. The Space-Time Continuum of the Special Theory of Relativity Considered as a Euclidean Continuum 116 27. The Space-Time Continuum of the General Theory of Relativity Is Not a Euclidean Continuum 119 28. Exact Formulation of the General Principle of Relativity 123 29. The Solution of the Problem of Gravitation on the Basis of the General Principle of Relativity 127 PART III CONSIDERATIONS ON THE UNIVERSE AS A WHOLE 30. Cosmological Difficulties of Newton�s Theory 133 31. The Possibility of a �Finite� and Yet �Unbounded� Universe 136 32. The Structure of Space According to the General Theory of Relativity 143 APPENDIXES 1. Simple Derivation of the Lorentz Transformation 147 2. Minkowski�s Four-Dimensional Space (�World�) 155 3. The Experimental Confirmation of the General Theory of Relativity 158 Einstein_FM.qxd 3/11/05 9:24 AM Page viii viii RELATIVITY
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