CARPENTRY FOR BOYS ***

Produced by Ross Wilburn, Curtis Weyant and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

THE "HOW-TO-DO-IT" BOOKS

CARPENTRY FOR BOYS

[Illustration: _Fig. 1. A Typical Work Bench._]

THE "HOW-TO-DO-IT" BOOKS

CARPENTRY FOR BOYS

in simple language, including chapters on drawing, laying out work, designing and architecture

WITH 250 ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS

BY J. S. ZERBE, M.E.

AUTHOR OF

ELECTRICITY FOR BOYS PRACTICAL MECHANICS FOR BOYS

THE NEW YORK BOOK COMPANY

NEW YORK

COPYRIGHT, 1914, BY

THE NEW YORK BOOK COMPANY

+----------------------------------------------------------------------+ |Transcriber's Notes: Italics are marked by underscore(_), Bold text is| |marked by $, Small caps have been uppercased. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------+

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTORY

I. TOOLS AND THEIR USES Page 5

Knowledge of Tools. A Full Kit of Tools. The Hatchet. The Claw Hammer. About Saws--Cross-cut, Rip Saw, Back Saw. Planes--Jack Plane, Smoothing Plane, Pore Plane. Gages. Chisels--Firmer Chisel. Trusses. Saw Clamps. The Grindstone. Oilstone. Miter Box. The Work Bench.

II. HOW TO GRIND AND SHARPEN TOOLS Page 16

Care of Tools---First Requisites. Saws--How to Set. Saw-set Errors. Saw Setting Block. Filing. The Angle of Filing. Filing Pitch. Saw Clamps. Filing Suggestions. The File. Using the File. The Grindstone. In the Use of Grindstones. Correct Way of Holding Tool in Grinding. Care of Stone. Incorrect Way to Hold Tool. Way to Revolve or Turn Grindstone. The Plane. The Gage. Chisels. General Observations.

III. HOW TO HOLD AND HANDLE TOOLS Page 29

On the Holding of Tools. The Saw. How to Start a Saw. Sawing on a Line. The First Stroke. The Starting Cut for Cross-cutting. Forcing a Saw. The Stroke. The Chinese Saw. Things to Avoid. The Plane. Angle for Holding Planes. Errors to be Avoided. The Gage. Holding the Gage. The Draw-knife.

IV. HOW TO DESIGN ARTICLES Page 39

Fundamentals of Designing. The Commercial Instinct. First Requirements of Designing. Conventional Styles. The Mission Style. Cabinets. Harmony of Parts. Harmony of Wood.

V. HOW WORK IS LAID OUT Page 43

Concrete Examples of Work. Dimensions. Laying Out a Table. The Top. The Mortises. The Facing Boards. The Tenons. Tools Used. Chamfered Tenons. The Frame. The Drawer Support. The Table Frame. The Top. The Drawer. How Any Structure is Built Up. Observations About Making a Box. Points. Beveling and Mitering. Proper Terms. Picture Frames. Dovetail Points. Box Points. First Steps in Dovetailing. Cutting Out the Spaces. Tools Used in Laying Out Mortises and Tenons.

VI. THE USES OF THE COMPASS AND THE SQUARE Page 59

The Compass. Determining Angles. Definition of Degrees. Degrees Without a Compass. How Degrees are Calculated by the Dividers.

VII. HOW THE DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL PARTS ARE DESIGNATED Page 65

Importance of Proper Designation. How to Explain Mechanical Forms. Defining Segment and Sector. Arcade, Arch, Buttress, Flying Buttress, Chamfer, Cotter, Crenelated, Crosses, Curb Roof, Cupola, Crown Post, Corbels, Dormer, Dowel, Drip, Detent, Extrados, Engrailed, Facet, Fret, Fretwork, Frontal, Frustrums, Fylfot, Gambrel Roof, Gargoyle, Gudgeon, Guilloche. Half Timbered, Hammer Beam, Header, Hip Roof, Hood Molding, Inclave, Interlacing Arch, Inverted, Inverted Arch, Key Stone, King Post, Label, Louver, Lintel, Lug, M-Roof, Mansard Roof, Newel, Parquetry, Peen, Pendant, Pendastyle, Pedestal, Plinth, Portico, Plate, Queen Post, Quirk Molding, Re-entering Angle, Rafter, Scarfing, Scotia Molding, Sill, Skewback, Spandrel, Strut, Stud, Stile, Tie Beam, Timber, Trammel, Turret, Transom, Valley Roof.

VIII. DRAWING AND ITS UTILITY Page 73

Fundamentals in Drawing. Representing Objects. Forming Lines and Shadows. Analysis of Lines and Shadings. How to Show Plain Surfaces. Concave Surfaces. Convex Surfaces. Shadows from a Beam. Flat Effects. The Direction of Light. Raised Surfaces. Depressed Surfaces. Full Shading. Illustrating Cube Shading. Shading Effect. Heavy Lines. Perspectives. True Perspective of a Cube. Isometric Cube. Flattened Perspective. Technical Designations. Sector and Segment. Terms of Angles. Circles and Curves. Irregular Curves. Ellipses and Ovals. Focal Points. Produced Line. Spirals, Perpendicular and Vertical. Signs to Indicate Measurement. Definitions. Abscissa. Angle. Apothegm. Apsides or Apsis. Chord. Cycloid. Conoid. Conic Section. Ellipsoid. Epicycloid. Evolute. Flying Buttress. Focus. Gnomes. Hexagon. Hyperbola. Hypothenuse. Incidental. Isosceles. Triangle. Parabola. Parallelogram. Pelecoid. Polygons. Pyramid. Rhomb. Sector. Segment. Sinusoid. Tangent. Tetrahedron. Vertex.