THE JUTE INDUSTRY ***

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THE JUTE INDUSTRY

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PITMAN'S COMMON COMMODITIES AND INDUSTRIES SERIES

THE JUTE INDUSTRY FROM SEED TO FINISHED CLOTH

BY T. WOODHOUSE

HEAD OF THE WEAVING AND DESIGNING DEPARTMENT, DUNDEE TECHNICAL COLLEGE AND SCHOOL OF ART

FORMERLY MANAGER MESSRS. WALTON & CO., LINEN MANUFACTURERS, BLEACHERS AND FINISHERS, KNARESBOROUGH. AUTHOR OF "THE FINISHING OF JUTE AND LINEN FABRICS," "HEALDS AND REEDS FOR WEAVING: SETTS AND PORTERS," JOINT AUTHOR OF "JUTE AND LINEN WEAVING MECHANISM," "TEXTILE DESIGN: PURE AND APPLIED," "JUTE AND JUTE SPINNING," "CORDAGE AND CORDAGE HEMP AND FIBRES," "TEXTILE MATHEMATICS," "TEXTILE DRAWING," ETC.,

AND

P. KILGOUR

HEAD OF THE SPINNING DEPARTMENT, DUNDEE TECHNICAL COLLEGE AND SCHOOL OF ART FORMERLY MANAGER BELFAST ROPE WORKS. JOINT AUTHOR OF "JUTE AND JUTE SPINNING," "CORDAGE AND CORDAGE HEMP AND FIBRES," ETC.

1921

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PREFACE

The sub-title of this little volume indicates that practically all the processes involved in the cultivation of jute plants, the extraction of the fibre, and the transformation of the fibre into useful commodities, have been considered. In addition, every important branch of this wide industry is liberally illustrated, and the description, although not severely technical, is sufficiently so to enable students, or those with no previous knowledge of the subject, to follow the operations intelligently, and to become more or less acquainted with the general routine of jute manufacture. As a matter of fact, the work forms a medium of study for textile students, and a suitable introduction to the more detailed literature by the authors on these textile subjects.

T. WOODHOUSE. P. KILGOUR.

March, 1921.

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CONTENTS

CHAP. PREFACE I. INTRODUCTORY II. CULTIVATION III. RETTING IV. ASSORTING AND BALING JUTE FIBRE. V. MILL OPERATIONS VI. BATCHING VII. CARDING VIII. DRAWING AND DRAWING FRAMES IX. THE ROVING FRAME X. SPINNING XI. TWISTING AND REELING. XII. WINDING: ROLLS AND COPS XIII. WARPING, BEAMING AND DRESSING. XIV. TYING-ON, DRAWING-IN AND WEAVING XV. FINISHING INDEX

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ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG. 1. NATIVES PLOUGHING THE GROUND 2. BREAKING UP THE SOIL OR "LADDERING" 3. PHOTOMICROGRAPHS OF CROSS-SECTIONS OF A JUTE PLANT 4. NATIVES CARRYING SMALL BALES OF JUTE FIBRE FROM BOAT TO PRESS-HOUSE 5. NATIVES BAILING JUTE FIBRE IN A WATSON-FAWCETT CYCLONE PRESS 6. VESSEL LADEN WITH JUTE AT QUAY-SIDE ADJOINING JUTE SEEDS IN DUNDEE HARBOUR 7. HARBOUR PORTERS REMOVING BALES OF JUTE FROM VESSEL SHOWN IN FIG. 6 8. BALE OPENER (MESSRS. URQUHART, LINDSAY & CO., LTD.) 9. BALE OPENER (MESSRS. CHARLES PARKER, SONS & CO., LTD) 10. HAND-BATCHING DEPARTMENT WITH UNPREPARED AND PREPARED FIBRE 11. SOFTENING MACHINE WITHOUT BATCHING APPARATUS 12. BATCHING APPARATUS 13. SOFTENING MACHINE WITH BATCHING APPARATUS 14. MODERN BREAKER CARD 15. FINISHER CARD WITH DRAWING HEAD 16. WASTE TEAZER 17. PUSH-BAR DRAWING FRAME 18. ROVING FRAME 19. FAIRBAIRN'S ROVING FRAME IN WORK 20. AN INDIAN SPINNING FLAT 21. A LINE OF SPINNING FRAMES 22. BOBBIN WINDING MACHINE (FROM HANKS) 23. ROLL WINDER FOR LARGE ROLLS 24. ROLL WINDING MACHINE (FROM HANKS) 25. COP WINDING MACHINE (MESSRS. DOUGLAS FRASER & SONS, LTD.) 26. COP WINDING MACHINE (MESSRS URQUHART, LINDSAY & CO., LTD.) 27. A ROW OF MODERN WARPING MILLS. 28. POWER CHAIN OR WARP LINKING MACHINE 29. WINDING-ON OR DRY BEAMING MACHINE 30. A MODERN YARN--DRESSING MACHINE WITH SIX STEAM-HEATED CYLINDERS 31. DRESSING MACHINE FOR PREPARING TWO WARPS SIMULTANEOUSLY 32, SIX DISTINCT KINDS OF TYPICAL JUTE FABRICS 33. POINT-PAPER DESIGNS SHOWING WEAVES FOR VARIOUS CLOTHS. 34. DIAGRAMMATIC VIEWS OF THE STRUCTURE OF PLAIN CLOTH 35. WEAVING SHED WITH BELT-DRIVEN LOOMS. 36. LOOMS DRIVEN WITH INDIVIDUAL MOTORS 37. BOBBY LOOM 38. BRUSSELS AND WILTON CARPET LOOM 39. THE OLD WAY 40. THE NEW WAY 41. CROPPING MACHINE AT WORK 42. DOUBLE